Clair El Moudden holds a PhD in Economics from the university of Caen-Normandy. She works on pension and social protection issues in France and Maghreb countries. She is the author of several books: ‘’Economie des Retraites’’ and ‘’ Redistributions Equitable et Régimes de Retraite’’. She has many publications about the issue in peer reviewed journals. Currently, Claire is a lecturer in Economics and Management at the university of Caen- Normandy in France.